Long-term efficacy and safety of etelcalcetide in hemodialysis patients with severe secondary hyperparathyroidism

Abstract

Introduction: Etelcalcetide has proven effective and well tolerated in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism (IPS) in patients on hemodialysis (HD). Since long-term studies are scarce, we assessed the efficacy and safety of etelcalcetide in the treatment of severe IPS in a group of HD patients over a 12-month period. Patients and Methods: We selected 24 HD patients with PTH levels > 500 pg/mL (range 502-2148 pg/mL), despite following a therapy with cinacalcet and/or vitamin D analogues. The initial dosage of etelcalcetide was 7.5 mg/week, then it was adjusted based on the trend of the levels of the total albumin-corrected serum calcium (CaALb_c) and PTH. Treatment was temporarily suspended if CaALb_c levels were <7.5 mg/dL or if hypocalcemia was symptomatic. CaALb_c, phosphorus, PTH and total alkaline phosphatase (t-ALP) were measured monthly. The main endpoint was the decrease in PTH levels >30% compared to baseline values. Results: At F-U, the reduction in PTH levels was > 30% in 83% of our patients. PTH levels decreased from 1169 ± 438 to 452±241 pg/mL at F-U (P <0.001). The percentage of reduction in PTH levels at F-U was -56 ± 25%. CaALb_c and phosphate levels decreased from 9.8 ± 0.4 mg/dL to 9.0 ± 0.6 mg/dL (P <0.001), and from 6.1 ± 1.3 mg/dL to 4.9 ± 1.3 mg/dL (P <0.01), respectively. The main side effect was hypocalcaemia, but never so severe as to require the interruption of treatment. Hypocalcemia was more pronounced in patients with higher basal levels of PTH and t-ALP. During the study, the percentage of patients treated with calcium carbonate increased from 33% to 54% and that of patients treated with paricalcitol from 33% to 79%. At F-U the average weekly dosage of etelcalcetide was 21.0 ± 9.5 mg (range 7.5-37.5 mg/week). Conclusions: The treatment of severe IPS with etelcalcetide has been proved effective and safe in the long term. Hypocalcaemia, the most frequent side effect, was more evident in patients with the most severe forms of IPS and was probably due to a reduction in bone turnover rather than to the direct effect of etelcalcetide.

 

Key words: etelcalcetide, hemodialysis, secondary hyperparathyroidism, paricalcitol, cinacalcet.

Sorry, this entry is only available in Italian.

Introduzione

L’iperparatiroidismo secondario (IPS) è una complicanza comune e clinicamente significativa della malattia renale cronica (CKD), soprattutto nei pazienti in trattamento emodialitico (HD) [14].

Gli elevati livelli di paratormone (PTH), insieme alle alterazioni del calcio e del fosforo, si associano a calcificazioni vascolari, fratture scheletriche, aumentata morbilità e mortalità cardiovascolare [58]. In particolare, studi epidemiologici condotti in pazienti in HD hanno fornito evidenze sostanziali che livelli di PTH elevati, in particolare modo quando >600 pg/mL, sono associati ad un aumentato rischio di eventi cardiovascolari e mortalità cardiovascolare [9, 10]. Fino a pochi anni fa il trattamento dell’IPS era principalmente basato sull’impiego degli analoghi della vitamina D, dei calciomimetici e della paratiroidectomia [1, 2, 5, 1113]. Tuttavia, l’impiego degli analoghi della vitamina D è spesso gravato da effetti collaterali quali ipercalcemia ed iperfosforemia, che ne possono limitare l’impiego [14, 15]. L’impiego del calciomimetico cinacalcet, seppur più efficace rispetto agli analoghi della vitamina D nel controllo delle varie componenti della CKD-MBD [1620], è spesso limitato dalla elevata frequenza di effetti collaterali e dalla scarsa aderenza terapeutica [21]. Al fine di migliorare il trattamento dell’IPS, è stato recentemente introdotto un nuovo calciomimetico, l’etelcalcetide (Parsabiv®, Amgen Inc.), somministrabile per via endovenosa (e.v.) al termine della seduta HD [22, 23]. La sicurezza e l’efficacia dell’etelcalcetide è stata dimostrata da diversi trials clinici [2427]. L’etelcalcetide è risultato, rispetto al cinacalcet, più efficace nel controllo dei principali parametri della CKD-MBD [32]. Nel presente studio, della durata di 12 mesi, abbiamo valutato retrospettivamente l’efficacia, intesa come riduzione dei livelli di PTH >30% rispetto ai valori basali, e la tollerabilità dell’etelcalcetide in un gruppo selezionato di pazienti in HD con IPS grave nonostante fossero in trattamento con le terapie tradizionali (cinacalcet e/o paracalcitolo) o non passibili di trattamento con questi farmaci per la comparsa di effetti collaterali.

 

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Cholecalciferol supplementation improves secondary hyperparathyroidism control in hemodialysis patients

Abstract

Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency is common among hemodialysis (HD) patients and is an important component in the pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT). We herein report our experience on the impact of cholecalciferol supplementation on PTH levels in a group of HD patients.

Patients and methods: We selected 122 HD patients. The main selection criteria were 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels ≤30 ng/mL and SHPT defined as PTH levels >300 pg/mL or PTH levels between 150-300 pg/mL during therapy with cinacalcet or paricalcitol. 82 patients agreed to receive cholecalciferol at the fixed dose of 25,000 IU per week orally for 12 months, while the remaining 40 represented the control group. The main endopoints of the study were the reduction in PTH levels ≥30% compared to baseline values and the increase of 25(OH)D levels to values >30 ng/mL.

Results: At follow-up PTH levels decreased in the supplemented group from 476 ±293 to 296 ± 207 pg/mL (p<0.001), 25(OH)D levels increased from 10.3 ± 5.7 to 33.5 ± 11.2 ng/mL (p<0.001), serum calcium increased from 8.6 ± 0.5 to 8.8 ± 0.6 mg/dL (p<0.05) while serum phosphorus did not change. In this group the mean doses of paricalcitol were significantly reduced, from 8.7 ± 4.0 to 6.1 ± 3.9 µg/week (p<0.001). Moreover, in this group there were a significant increase of hemoglobin levels, from 11.6 ± 1.3 to 12.2 ± 1.1 g/dL (p <0.01) and a significant reduction of erythropoietin doses (p<0.05). In the control group the 25(OH)D and PTH levels did not change, while cinacalcet doses increased from 21 ±14 to 43 ± 17 mg/d (p<0.01).

Conclusions: Vitamin deficiency is very common in HD patients. Cholecalciferol treatment significantly increased serum 25(OH)D levels, significantly decreased PTH levels and paricalcitol doses, concurrently entailing a better control of anemia. 

Keywords: vitamin D, cholecalciferol, hemodialysis, secondary hyperparathyroidism, paricalcitol

Sorry, this entry is only available in Italian.

Introduzione

L’iperparatiroidismo secondario (IPS) inizia come un processo adattativo ma in ultimo, a seguito del ridursi della funzione renale, della ridotta escrezione di fosfati, della ridotta produzione di vitamina D e dell’ipocalcemia, si trasforma in un processo patologico [1]. È opinione comune che bassi livelli sierici di vitamina D siano la causa del bilancio negativo del calcio, dell’IPS e della patologia ossea. Le concentrazioni sieriche di 25-idrossivitamina D (25(OH)D) sono il principale indice del patrimonio di vitamina D del nostro organismo e sono utilizzate per definire uno stato carenziale di vitamina D [2]. Nelle linee guida National Kidney Foundation–Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (NKF–KDOQI), livelli sierici di 25(OH)D <5 ng/mL sono utilizzati per indicare una grave deficienza di vitamina D, livelli tra 5 e 15 ng/mL indicano una lieve insufficienza, livelli tra 16 e 30 ng/mL indicano un’insufficienza, mentre livelli maggiori di 30 ng/mL vengono considerati ottimali, anche se non vi è unanime consenso su quali siano i livelli sierici di vitamina D da considerare ottimali [3, 4].

 

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Correction of secondary hyperparathyroidism with paricalcitol in renal transplant improves left ventricular hypertrophy

Abstract

Background – Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is common in renal transplant recipients (RTRs), and persistent secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is considered to be one of the main causes of its pathogenesis. In this study we evaluated if the control of SHPT with paricalcitol is associated with a reduction of LVH in RTRs. Methods – For this purpose we selected 24 RTRs with LVH and SHPT . Secondary hyperparathyroidism was defined as PTH levels 1.5 times higher than the high normal limits, while LVH was defined as a left ventricular mass index (LVMi) >95g/m2 in females, and >115g/m2 in males. Treatment with paricalcitol started at mean dose of 1µg/day and lasted 18 months. The dose of paricalcitol was reduced to 1µg on the other day when serum calcium was >10.5mg/dl and/or fractional excretion of calcium was >0.020%; administration was temporarily stopped when serum calcium was >11 mg/dl. Results – At follow-up PTH levels decreased from 198 ± 155 to 105 ± 43pg/ml (P < .01), and LVMi decreased from 134 ± 21 to 113 ± 29g/m2 (P < .01); the presence of LVH decreased from 100% at baseline to 54% at F-U. Serum calcium levels showed a modest and not significant increase. Renal function was stable in all patients. Conclusions – Secondary hyperparathyroidism seems to play an important role in the development and maintenance of LVH and its correction with paricalcitol has a favorable impact on its progression.

Keywords: left ventricular hypertrophy; parathormone; paricalcitol; renal transplantation; secondary hyperparathyroidism

Sorry, this entry is only available in Italian.

INTRODUZIONE

La patologia cardiovascolare rimane una delle principali cause di morbilità e mortalità nel paziente portatore di trapianto renale (1). L’ipertrofia ventricolare sinistra (IVS) è uno dei principali reperti ecocardiografici nel trapianto renale riscontrandosi in circa il 50-70% di questi pazienti (2). L’evoluzione della IVS dopo trapianto renale rimane controversa.  

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