Figure 5. Alwall’s attempts to create an arteriovenous shunts in rabbits and man. (top) A rabbit arteriovenous shunt (8) in the neck (bottom) an arteriovenous shunt in a human, used by Alwall in 1949-50 for clinical dialysis. This signed sketch is the only one of his shunt for clinical use by Alwall I can locate, and is taken from his ultimate summary of the history of dialysis in 1986 (11)