An account of the first hours of the Covid-19 epidemic at the Nephrology Unit in Lodi (Lombardy)

Abstract

Marco Farina and colleagues give us their account of the first days of the Covid-19 epidemic in the Nephrology Unit of the Ospedale Maggiore in Lodi. From the news trickling through from Codogno on the 20th of February to the hospitalization, the following day, of the first dialytic patient with signs of pneumonia, who later tested positive to the virus.

They tell us of how the hospital has been completely restructured in the wake of the epidemic, at remarkable speed and providing an example for others to follow, and the great sense self-sacrifice displayed by all medical personnel. After an overview of the clinical conditions of the 7 patients positive to the virus hospitalised in the following few days, they describe in some detail how symptomatic Covid+ patients are currently managed at the Ospedale Maggiore in Lodi.

Keywords: Covid-19, Ospedale Maggiore di Lodi, nephrology, dialysis

Introduction

The Covid-19 epidemic suddenly hit us on the 20th of February, the day the news started trickling through that the first case of SARS-CoV-2 had been isolated in Codogno, far out in the province. After being all over the news because of a nasty high-speed train accident only a few days before, the Lodi area was once again in the spotlight as the theatre, this time, of a health emergency.

In those first confusing hours we spent plenty of time and energy trying to find the case 1 and case 0, and doing all we could to pinpoint the starting point of the epidemic — apparently a dinner between co-workers, one of which had just returned from China. Both patient 1 and his pregnant wife, for whom we were all particularly worried, had just been hospitalised. It was then clear that the virus had arrived in Italy, in all likelihood destined to spread from our own region to the rest of the country, and that there was no point in trying to find links between infected people and China any longer. We have since been witnessing an exponential growth that, up to this day, has not shown any signs of a slowdown.

 

The first case

When I got to work on the 21st I was told that our Nephrology department had just received a 62-year-old hemodialysis patient showing signs of pneumonia at a chest X-rays. Showing a commendable insight, our local Health Care System had published on the 5th of February a detailed plan on how to identify, signal and manage either potential, probable or confirmed cases of Covid-19. This is not to say we were ready for what was to come – who could have been? – but at least we had criteria in place to recognise and assess the problem. The patient described above, who had arrived from the small town that would soon become the main cluster of cases in the country, was immediately isolated and we all started using the protective equipment described in detail in the management plan. We sent blood samples and a nasopharyngeal swab to the Microbiology Lab at the Sacco Hospital in Milan and we waited the results with apprehension; as it was still early days, we received them the same evening: positive. We alerted the Crisis Unit created by the Region for this purpose and, in the night between the 21st and the 22nd, the patient was transferred to the Infective Disease Unit at S. Anna Hospital in Como. He was then transferred to the Intensive Care Unit not because of any worsening of his conditions (he did not need a ventilator during transfer) but because he needed dialysis, which cannot be administered in Infective Disease wards. However, within a day, we witnessed a sudden worsening of the patient’s respiratory conditions (something we have grown accustomed to seeing in this type of patients), followed by death. This announcement, that reached our Nephrology Unit through mainstream news channels, was met with bewilderment: we all knew that the patient, albeit young, had several comorbidities but we were nonetheless greatly distressed to learn of his death; as a pre-emptive measure we had to quarantine the entire medical personnel, as the very first contacts with the patient had, quite understandably, taken place without the necessary protections.

 

Re-structuring the Hospital

This is our account of the first hours of this ordeal; the rest, the local and national directives that have been published in quick succession and that keep being fine-tuned hour by hour, is well known to all of us. From the creation of the “red zone” in Lodi, later extended to the entire Lombardy area, to the strict quarantine measures required across the entire Region (DPCM 21 February, 8 March and 11 March, respectively).

Since the spike in the infection rate has started (as we write there has been no inversion in this trend, and we wait for it anxiously) our Hospital in Lodi has undergone a complete overhaul and its re-structuring has been used as a model by other institutes. On the 26th of February the “blue area” was created, with 18 hospital beds previously belonging to Neurology, to hold Covid+ patients necessitating ventilation; on the 28th the “yellow area” was opened, allowing for 37 additional beds for Covid+ patients without the need for ventilation or simply requiring oxygen therapy. On the 4th of March we opened an “orange area” (previously General Medicine) with 38 more beds; on the same date we started setting up a hemodialysis room devoted to patients positive to Covid+. On the 6th we opened, within Nephrology, a “red area” with 13 beds and a drywall-delimited space devoted exclusively to the dressing and undressing of healthcare personnel. On the 7th of March Covid+ pneumonia cases started being hospitalised in the Orthopedics Unit, under supervision of the surgeon.

Doctors and nurses have been assigned to any type of duty according to pressing and ever-changing needs, impossible to predict. At the helm, a multi-disciplinary team composed by the Directors of critical care, resuscitation, pneumology and infectiology and by a number of nurses; working closely with the Biochemical and Microbiology Labs, they constituted the Hospital’s Crisis Unit, gathered in a virtually permanent assembly. Everybody has been displaying a great sense self-sacrifice, working incredibly long shifts, often in silence. This same situation seems to repeat in most of Lombardy, but also in Veneto and in many other places.

 

Other cases

By looking at preliminary data, we clearly have yet to see the huge wave of hospitalizations described by initial projections (this, however, may change or might have already changed since I wrote this piece). Patients arriving from the “red zone” have been immediately treated with the utmost care and attention, and all necessary protections have been used both in local health care facilities and in hospitals. Those of them needing dialysis have been treated in a separate room, used exclusively to this purpose, and they have been closely monitored through anamnesis and the measuring of saturation and body temperature. Of the 18 tests administered to all patients who had been in contact with the first Covid+ case deceased at S. Anna Hospital only 3 turned out positive (about 15%); the rate is actually unexpectedly good, although in the present situation it is very difficult to make any statements with an acceptable degree of confidence.

As I write, there are 7 dialytic patients who resulted positive to SARS-CoV-2, although this number is certainly destined to go up; as we have a total of 162 patients in hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, the current number of infections accounts for around 4%. In addition to the case described above, where the patient was initially in good conditions but presented several comorbidities, 2 more have died. An 84-year-old patient, also with many underlying conditions, that had been hospitalized for other reasons but started testing positive during his hospital stay; X-rays showed signs of pneumonia, to be added to a recent diagnosis of pulmonary neoplasms. Then a female patient with stage 5 kidney disease who was not in dialysis but presented severe cardiac problems. She also caught the infection during the hospital stay; palliative care was the only viable option, as general conditions were already heavily compromised.

In the table below we try to summarise the clinical characteristics and outcomes of the patients who tested positive to the virus, while we wait to be able to collect and publish more precise data.

 

Table I: Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients positive to the virus

 

Addendum and conclusions

We have been the first to be hit by the epidemic and, as such, we have also been the first to put in place stringent protocols and regulations. Although we have been doing our absolute best, there is sometimes a mismatch between the regulations and the actual situation on the ground. Until now, all nurses have been using FFP2 masks, counted and distributed at the beginning of the shift. Nurses assisting the dialysis of patients that are not confirmed cases wear single use garments and, in one of the two centers in the “red area”, also a waterproof vest. All nurses wear a hat and, since the FFP2 mask can be an obstacle to the use of the visor, we have equipped each room with goggles that are sanitized with 70% alcohol at the end of each shift. Leaving aside the FFP2 mask and the waterproof vest, these are for the most part standard sanitary measures.

Patients, on the other hand, wear a chirurgical mask that is changed at the beginning of each new shift. Most of them also use it during transportation, although it is probably the same one they were given the night before. While waiting, all patients are invited to stand at least a meter apart from each other and wash thoroughly their hands and the arm where the vascular access is located.

To date, at our Hospital in Lodi, patients testing positive to the virus and showing symptoms are treated in one of the following ways (as decided by the multidisciplinary team we have previously described):

  1. If invasive ventilation is needed, they are transferred to Intensive Care, where CRRT or hemodialysis is started immediately; a portable osmosis filtration system is also available.
  2. If non-invasive ventilation is needed, they are transferred to the “yellow area”, where CPAP is available, as well as water filtration systems.
  3. Regardless of ventilation needs they can also be assigned to the “red area” created within our Nephrology, where we have 3 rooms with 3 beds each that have also been fitted with systems to filtrate water.

We have very recently implemented a new water management system that allows for two patients to undergo dialysis at the same time. Together with the system available in the yellow area, which caters for one patient at the time, is therefore possible to dialyse 3 patients at the time, maintaining the ratio between nurses and patients to 1:3.

If the patient is a suspected case but has no symptoms, the hemodialysis can be carried out in a hospital room specifically set up for this purpose. It now has 2 beds that could easily become 6 with very minor changes to the set-up.

All considered, the system we have put in place seems currently up to the task. However, as the epidemiological landscape keeps changing, this evaluation could suddenly turn out to be wrong.

Managing patients in dialysis and with kidney transplant infected with Covid-19

Abstract

We are in the midst of a health emergency that is totally new for us all and that requires a concerted effort, especially when it comes to safeguarding patients on hemodialysis, and kidney transplant recipients. Brescia is currently a very active cluster of infections (2918 cases on the 17/03/2020), second only to Bergamo. The way our structure is organised has allowed us to treat nephropathic patients directly within the Nephrology Unit, following of course a great deal of reshuffling; at the moment, we are treating 21 transplanted patients and 17 on hemodialysis. This has led us to adopt a systematic approach to handling this emergency, not only in managing inpatients, but also in researching the
new disease. Our approach is mirrored in the guidelines attached to this article, originally intended for internal use only but potentially very useful to our colleagues, as they face the same exact problems.
We have also started collecting data on our positive patients with the aim of understanding better the functioning of this disease and how best to manage it. If anyone is interested, we ask you to please get in touch with us, so we can coordinate our efforts.

 

Keywords: Covid-19, Brescia, nephrology, dialysis, transplants, guidelines

Sorry, this entry is only available in Italian.

Introduzione

L’epidemia da Covid-19 in Lombardia richiede la messa a punto di un protocollo nei pazienti nefropatici, in particolare nei pazienti in trattamento dialitico e in quelli portatori di trapianto renale.

Recentemente, il China CDC ha pubblicato la più ampia casistica di Covid-19, che includeva 44672 casi; da questo studio emerge una mortalità totale del 2.3%. I fattori di rischio principali sembrano essere, oltre all’età (mortalità dell’1.3% nella fascia 50-59, 3.6% nella fascia 60-69, 8% nella fascia 70-79 e 14.8% nella fascia ≥80 anni), la presenza di malattie cardiovascolari (mortalità 10.5%), diabete (mortalità 7.3%), malattie respiratorie croniche (mortalità 6.3%), ipertensione arteriosa (mortalità 6%) e neoplasie (mortalità 5.6%) [1,2]. Nella regione Lombardia, tuttavia, la malattia sembra avere una mortalità decisamente maggiore di quella riportata in Cina, e questo deve indurci a studiare con attenzione tutti i fattori potenzialmente responsabili di questo andamento.

Le comorbidità associate ad aumentata mortalità in corso d’infezione da Covid-19 sono molto frequenti nei pazienti affetti da Insufficienza Renale Cronica (IRC) e nei pazienti in corso di terapia sostitutiva della funzione renale mediante emodialisi. Non esistono inoltre, al momento, dati solidi sui pazienti Covid-19 positivi in trattamento dialitico e nei portatori di trapianto di rene in cui, oltre ai vari fattori di rischio cardiovascolare, esiste una condizione di ridotta immunocompetenza.

Al momento della prima stesura di questo documento (17/03/2020) abbiamo seguito presso la nostra struttura di Brescia e l’annessa rete territoriale 20 pazienti trapiantati e 17 pazienti dializzati; la nostra preliminare esperienza suggerisce che la malattia ha un decorso severo, con outcome potenzialmente fatale, soprattutto nel sottogruppo di pazienti portatore di trapianto renale. Inoltre, un numero consistente di pazienti nefropatici con Covid-19 sono stati seguiti preso i centri di Lodi, Cremona, Manerbio, Montichiari e Chiari, che aderiscono alla task force di Brescia. L’esperienza cinese suggerisce che la malattia abbia un andamento meno severo nei pazienti dializzati, non solo rispetto ai pazienti con trapianto renale, ma anche ai pazienti non nefropatici. Questa è anche l’esperienza iniziale di Brescia, ma non è confermata da tutti i centri partecipanti alla nostra task force. Ovviamente, in assenza di dati adeguati sia nella popolazione generale (percentuale di asintomatici) che nei pazienti nefropatici, non è possibile formulare riflessioni conclusive. Proprio per questo, stiamo raccogliendo in dettaglio dati clinici e di laboratorio nei nostri pazienti, per poter condividere con la comunità nefrologica le caratteristiche cliniche e di outcome della malattia nei nefropatici.

In generale, l’ottimale gestione della patologia è ancora dibattuta e l’approccio terapeutico è privo di significative evidenze. L’indicazione alla terapia anti-retrovirale è dubbia e, ad oggi, non esiste alcun farmaco registrato per il trattamento di infezioni da Covid-19 [3]. Tuttavia, ci si può avvalere dell’esperienza derivante dall’uso di agenti anti-virali su virus appartenenti alla medesima famiglia di Beta-coronavirus (SARS e MERS); bisogna comunque considerare come la condizione di emergenza fornisca una buona ragione per l’utilizzo di antivirali, nonostante la mancanza di evidenze scientifiche preliminari. Nei pazienti affetti da IRC avanzata si pone inoltre la problematica dell’aggiustamento della terapia per il grado di funzione renale e, nei pazienti portatori di trapianto renale, la necessità di un’attenta modulazione della terapia immunosoppressiva; al momento non esistono chiare linee guida per la gestione di questi pazienti [4].

Al momento, Brescia rappresenta il secondo focolaio in Italia dopo Bergamo (2918 casi al 17/03/2019). Un gruppo di lavoro formato da infettivologi e intensivisti lombardi ha messo a punto un protocollo di terapia nei pazienti con Covid-19, sulla base della severità di malattia: le Linee guida sulla gestione terapeutica e di supporto per pazienti con infezione da coronavirus COVID-19. Edizione 2.0, del 12 marzo 2020. Mutuando in parte il background infettivologico ed intensivista del protocollo, abbiamo adattato questo approccio ai nostri pazienti in trattamento dialitico e con trapianto di rene, creando questa Proposta di schema di gestione terapeutica di pazienti emodializzati e trapiantati affetti da Covid-19 (cliccando questo link è possibile scaricare il documento in questione). Di seguito, forniremo inoltre alcune considerazioni logistiche derivanti dalla nostra esperienza diretta sulla gestione dei flussi di pazienti in corso di epidemia da Covid-19.

 

Trattamento farmacologico

Clorochina e idrossiclorochina: evidenze sperimentali supporterebbero un ruolo anti-virale in vitro e nel modello animale per la clorochina nei confronti del virus SARS e dell’influenza aviaria. Un panel di esperti cinesi supporta l’utilizzo del farmaco in ragione di un beneficio in termini di ospedalizzazione e outcome generale del paziente [5].

Lopinavir/ritonavir: evidenze aneddotiche supporterebbo un possibile ruolo di questo antiretrovirale di seconda generazione in corso di infezione da Covid-19.

Darunavir/ritonavir e darunavir/cobicistat: potenziali alternative al Lopinavir/ritonavir in ragione del meccanismo d’azione analogo.

Remdesivir: è un analogo nucleotidico il cui meccanismo d’azione consiste nell’incorporazione del farmaco nelle catene di RNA neosintetizzate. Viene proposto, in modelli animali e in vitro, un suo possibile ruolo nel ridurre la carica virale e nel migliorare i parametri di funzionalità polmonare [6,7]. Due trials clinici sono attualmente in corso in Cina.

Corticosteroidi: l’utilizzo dei corticosteroidi sarebbe controindicato nelle fasi iniziali della patologia. Dati suggeriscono tuttavia un loro ruolo nella gestione della sindrome da distress respiratorio acuto (ARDS), con un impatto significativo sulle curve di sopravvivenza dei pazienti trattati [8].

Tocilizumab: sulla scorta del ruolo centrale che l’IL6, in associazione ad altre citochine pro-infiammatorie, sembrerebbe avere nello sviluppo di ARDS indotta da Covid-19, il Tocilizumab potrebbe aver un ruolo nella gestione di casi selezionati, in assenza di controindicazioni maggiori.

 

Considerazioni logistiche

Riteniamo assolutamente necessaria un’adeguata pianificazione logistica nella gestione di questa emergenza sanitaria. Nel trattare questi pazienti si devono conciliare protocolli infettivologici (es. isolamento) con necessità intrinseche alla nostra specialità, come quella di movimentare i pazienti per l’emodialisi. La nostra esperienza, se pur ancora limitata, sembra suggerire un outcome migliore nei pazienti trapiantati gestiti direttamente in un reparto nefrologico rispetto al gruppo gestito in altre aree Covid generali e valutati dal nefrologo solo in consulenza.

La peculiare organizzazione logistica della nostra struttura ci ha in questo senso consentito un modello organizzativo efficiente. Riportiamo qui uno schema della nostra struttura:

 

Piano 1:

Piano 2:

A partire dal 27-28 febbraio abbiamo impostato una riduzione dei posti letto del Reparto femminile e un aumento delle dimissioni nel reparto maschile con successivo trasferimento delle pazienti donna non dimissibili nel lato maschile. Nella notte tra il 27 e 28 febbraio abbiamo ricoverata la prima paziente portatrice di trapianto di rene e positiva al virus, successivamente trasferita in terapia intensiva per deterioramento clinico. Al 28 febbraio, la situazione logistica era la seguente; da notare che nell’area COVID erano disponibili attrezzature ed impianti per l’eventuale effettuazione di emodialisi.

 

Piano 1:

Piano 2:

Tra il 2 e il 4 marzo abbiamo ricoverato i primi pazienti positivi nell’area COVID; in questa fase, la necessità era rivolta quasi esclusivamente ai pazienti trapiantati, avendo il nostro centro un grosso bacino d’utenza che include anche le aree di Lodi e Codogno. Il progressivo afflusso di pazienti positivi presso il nostro ospedale, unito alla necessità di accogliere pazienti emodializzati, ha quindi portato allo spostamento del reparto maschile e femminile al piano 2, alla chiusura del centro trapianti e alla rimodulazione degli spazi centrali del reparto in sale da emodialisi, in parte destinate a pazienti Covid positivi, in parte destinate a pazienti negativi.

 

Piano 1:

Piano 2:

In conclusione, ricordiamo nuovamente che le nostre linee guida per la gestione terapeutica dei pazienti emodializzati e trapiantati può essere scaricata qui.

 

La “Brescia Renal Covid Task Force”

Federico Alberici, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Dipartimento di Specialità Medico-Chirurgiche, Scienze Radiologiche e Sanità Pubblica; ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Unità Operativa di Nefrologia, Brescia, Italia

Elisa Del Barba, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Unità Operativa di Nefrologia, Brescia, Italia

Chiara Manenti, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Unità Operativa di Nefrologia, Brescia, Italia

Laura Econimo, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Unità Operativa di Nefrologia, Brescia, Italia

Francesca Valerio, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Unità Operativa di Nefrologia, Brescia, Italia

Alessandra Pola, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Unità Operativa di Nefrologia, Brescia, Italia

Camilla Maffei, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Unità Operativa di Nefrologia, Brescia, Italia

Possenti Stefano, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Unità Operativa di Nefrologia, Brescia, Italia

Nicole Zambetti, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Unità Operativa di Nefrologia, Brescia, Italia

Margherita Venturini, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Unità Operativa di Nefrologia, Brescia, Italia

Stefania Affatato, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Unità Operativa di Nefrologia, Brescia, Italia

Paola Piarulli, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Unità Operativa di Nefrologia, Brescia, Italia

Mattia Zappa, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Unità Operativa di Nefrologia, Brescia, Italia

Guerini Alice, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Unità Operativa di Nefrologia, Brescia, Italia

Fabio Viola, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Unità Operativa di Nefrologia, Brescia, Italia

Ezio Movilli, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Unità Operativa di Nefrologia, Brescia, Italia

Paola Gaggia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Unità Operativa di Nefrologia, Brescia, Italia

Sergio Bove, ASST Brescia, Unità Operativa di Nefrologia, Montichiari (BS), Italia

Marina Foramitti, ASST Cremona, Unità Operativa di Nefrologia, Cremona, Italia

Paola Pecchini, ASST Cremona, Unità Operativa di Nefrologia, Cremona, Italia

Raffaella Bucci, ASST Lodi, Unità Operativa di Nefrologia, Lodi, Italia

Marco Farina, ASST Lodi, Unità Operativa di Nefrologia, Lodi, Italia

Martina Bracchi, ASST Franciacorta, Unità Operativa di Nefrologia, Chiari (BS), Italia

Ester Maria Costantino, ASST del Garda, Unità Operativa di Nefrologia, Manerbio (BS), Italia

Fabio Malberti, ASST Cremona, Unità Operativa di Nefrologia, Cremona, Italia

Nicola Bossini, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Unità Operativa di Nefrologia, Brescia, Italia

Mario Gaggiotti, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Unità Operativa di Nefrologia, Brescia, Italia

Francesco Scolari, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Dipartimento di Specialità Medico-Chirurgiche, Scienze Radiologiche e Sanità Pubblica; ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Unità Operativa di Nefrologia, Brescia, Italia

 

Bibliografia

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