Efficacy of sustained low-efficiency dialysis in the management of topiramate intoxication: case report

Abstract

Guidelines on the use of dialysis treatment in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and TPM (Topiramate) intoxication are controversial. A 51-year-old man with epilepsy and CKD was carried to our emergency department for dysuria and sickness. He chronically assumed TPM 100 mg 3/day. Creatinine level was 2.1 mg/dL, blood urea nitrogen 70 mg/dL, and inflammation indexes were increased.

We started empirical antibiotic therapy and rehydration. The day two he had diarrhea and an acute insurgence of dizziness, confusion, and bicarbonate levels reduction. Brain CT resulted negative for acute events. During the night his mental status worsened, and urinary output results were about 200 mL in 12h. EEG showed desynchronized brain bioelectric activity. Thereafter, there was an episode of seizure and then anuria, hemodynamic instability, and loss of consciousness. Creatinine value was 5.39 mg/dL with a serious metabolic acidosis non-anion gap. We decided to start 6-hours Sustained Low Efficiency Hemo-Dia-Filtration (SLE-HDF). We assisted in the recovery of consciousness and later in the improvement of kidney function after 4 hours of treatment. TPM levels before SLE-HDF resulted in 123.1 µg/mL. At the end of treatment resulted in 30 µg/mL. To our knowledge, this is the first report of TPM involuntary intoxication in a patient affected by CKD who survived such a high TPM concentration treated with renal replacement therapy. SLE-HDF resulted in moderate elimination of TPM and acidemia resolution, continuous monitoring patient’s vital parameters in relation to his hemodynamic instability, since blood flow and dialysate flow are lower than conventional hemodialysis.

Keywords: Intoxication, Sustained Low-efficiency dialysis, hemodialysis, metabolic acidosis, continuous venovenous haemofiltration

Introduction

Topiramate (TPM) is an anticonvulsant agent indicated according to American Academy of Neurology (AAN) guidelines as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of focal and mixed seizures, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and as monotherapy for refractory generalized tonic-clonic seizures in adults and children. At steady-state concentration, renal clearance of this drug is 1.02 L/h and its elimination half-life (T1/2) varies from 20 to 30 h. In all species, TPM is predominantly excreted unchanged in the urine [1].

Guidelines on the use of dialysis treatment in patients with chronic kidney disease and topiramate intoxication are controversial. We describe a case of topiramate overdose treated with sustained low-efficiency dialysis (SLED). 

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Extracorporeal renal replacement therapies in lithium intoxication

Abstract

Drug poisoning is a significant source of morbidity, mortality and health care expenditure worldwide. Lithium, methanol, ethylene glycol and salicylates are the most important ones, included in the list of poisons, that may require extracorporeal depuration. Lithium is the cornerstone of treatment for bipolar disorders, but it has a narrow therapeutic window. The therapeutic range is 0.6-1.2 mEq/L and toxicity manifestations begin to appear as soon as serum levels exceed 1.5 mEq/L. Severe toxicity can be observed when plasma levels are more than 3.5 mEq/L. Lithium poisoning can be life threatening and extracorporeal renal replacement therapies can reverse toxic symptoms. Currently, conventional intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) is the preferred extracorporeal treatment modality. Preliminary data with prolonged intermittent renal replacement (PIRRT) therapies – hybrid forms of renal replacement therapy (RRT) such as sustained low efficiency dialysis (SLED) – seem to justify their role as potential alternative to conventional IHD. Indeed, SLED allows rapid and effective lithium removal with resolution of symptoms, also minimizing rebound phenomenon.

 

Keywords: lithium, drug toxicity, dialysis, sustained low efficiency dialysis (SLED)

Sorry, this entry is only available in Italian.

Introduzione

Le intossicazioni sono un vasto gruppo di patologie di differente gravità determinate da esposizione ad un ampio numero di agenti causali, i cosiddetti veleni o tossici. Tale esposizione può avvenire per vie e con modalità diverse. Con il termine farmaco si indica qualsiasi sostanza che induca in un organismo, attraverso la propria attività chimica, modificazioni delle funzioni biologiche e quindi della funzionalità cellulare e degli organi. Se la modificazione indotta dal farmaco è positiva per la salute esso viene definito medicamento, se invece è dannosa si parla di tossico o veleno. La maggior parte dei farmaci presenti in commercio esercitano una funzione terapeutica a determinate dosi e divengono tossici a concentrazioni più elevate.

Le intossicazioni da farmaci rappresentano un’importante causa di morbilità e mortalità ed il loro trattamento richiede notevoli risorse economiche. Negli Stati Uniti, a partire dal 2008, si è registrato un progressivo incremento degli avvelenamenti da farmaci. Tale fenomeno costituisce ad oggi una delle prime cause di mortalità, determinando un numero di morti superiori a quelle attribuibili ad incidenti stradali [1]. Secondo i dati dell’American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC), nel 2017 si sono registrati negli Stati Uniti 7.222 casi di intossicazione da sali di litio, 3.271 dei quali hanno richiesto l’accesso ad una struttura sanitaria, con un tasso di mortalità pari allo 0,03%; circa la metà dei casi riguardava soggetti con età inferiore o uguale a 20 anni [2]. Nel corso degli ultimi decenni, le intossicazioni da sali di litio, insieme a quelle da metanolo, glicole etilenico e salicilati, sono state tra le prime quattro cause di avvelenamenti per cui si è reso necessario il ricorso a trattamenti di depurazione extracorporea (renal replacement therapies o RRT) [3

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